India's institutions and scholars바카라 웹사이트today enjoy바카라 웹사이트"significantly less academic freedom than 10 years ago"바카라 웹사이트according to a report titled “Academic Freedom Index Update 2023”.
India is among 22 countries and territories out of 179 in the world that achieved this feat
India's institutions and scholars바카라 웹사이트today enjoy바카라 웹사이트"significantly less academic freedom than 10 years ago"바카라 웹사이트according to a report titled “Academic Freedom Index Update 2023”.
The report was prepared with바카라 웹사이트collaboration from바카라 웹사이트2,917 country experts worldwide and was co-ordinated by Swedish think tank V-Dem Institute and the Institute of Political Science at the Friedrich Alexander University in Germany.바카라 웹사이트
India is among 22 countries and territories out of 179 in the world that achieved this feat.바카라 웹사이트
The index score used five indicators — the freedom to research and teach, freedom of academic exchange and dissemination, institutional autonomy of universities, freedom of academic and cultural expression and campus integrity, or the absence of security infringements and surveillance on campus.
Last year, India was given a score of 0.38 in a table of 0 to 1, where 1 is the highest academic freedom.바카라 웹사이트
India's immediate neighbours바카라 웹사이트Nepal (0.86), Pakistan (0.45) and Bhutan (0.46) scored higher whereas바카라 웹사이트Bangladesh (0.25) and Myanmar (0.01) scored lower than India.
The report noted that although India라이브 바카라 decline in academic freedom "started from a comparatively high level during India라이브 바카라 democratic period,” it is now associated with “rapidly accelerating autocratisation”.바카라 웹사이트
Around 2013, all aspects of academic freedom began to decline strongly, reinforced with Narendra Modi라이브 바카라 election as prime minister in 2014,바카라 웹사이트it said.
Pressure on institutional autonomy and campus integrity combined with constraints on academics’ freedom of expression - is what distinguished India from other countries scored on the index.바카라 웹사이트
“The attacks on academic freedom under [Prime Minister Narendra] Modi라이브 바카라 Hindu nationalist government were also possible due to the absence of a legal framework to protect academic freedom,” the report added.바카라 웹사이트
The report's authors further바카라 웹사이트called on higher education policymakers, university leaders, and research funders to promote academic freedom in their own academic institutions as well as abroad.
Meanwhile, in other countries like the United States, the report noted that바카라 웹사이트four out of five indicators used for determining academic freedom바카라 웹사이트visibly declined in 2021 – the year after President Donald Trump was voted out of office.바카라 웹사이트
Mexico too has experienced a decline in academic freedom since 2017 which has been바카라 웹사이트further exacerbated after the election of Mexico라이브 바카라 new president, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, "whose government has undermined university autonomy," the report said.
China's바카라 웹사이트deterioration in academic freedom, accelerated바카라 웹사이트around 2010 with pressure on all aspects. "The university with Chinese characteristics entails a leadership and management system controlled by the university라이브 바카라 party committee, even if it includes an academic committee and a faculty representative assembly.바카라 웹사이트바카라 웹사이트This structural condition facilitated deterioration in all dimensions of academic freedom when Xi Jinping assumed office," the report said.
The aforementioned three countries바카라 웹사이트are among the most populous countries where academic freedom has significantly fallen back over the past decade, the report noted.바카라 웹사이트