Following the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India announced a series of retaliatory measures, including holding the Indus Water Treaty, 1960, with Pakistan in "abeyance."
Since 1947, a series of agreements, pacts and treaties have been signed between Delhi and Islamabad, ranging from cultural exchanges to security concerns.
Following the Pahalgam attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India announced a series of retaliatory measures, including holding the Indus Water Treaty, 1960, with Pakistan in "abeyance."
In response to India's diplomatic measures, Pakistan proceeded to suspend its trade ties and cancel visas. Furthermore, Islamabad announced it would treat all bilateral agreements with India, including the Shimla Agreement of 1972, in abeyance.
With Islamabad holding the Simla Agreement in abeyance, the 1972 pact is considered to be a fundamental diplomatic agreement between the neighbouring countries.
However, this is not the only key agreement the two conflicting neighbours have signed. Since 1947, a series of agreements, pacts and treaties have been signed between Delhi and Islamabad, ranging from cultural exchanges to security concerns.
Here's a look at some of the key agreements and pacts signed over the decades.
In the first years of independence, following the partition of India and Pakistan, several agreements were signed between the two nations regarding income, air services, banking and trade.
This pact between PM Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistan라이브 바카라 PM Liaquat Ali Khan focused on the protection of minorities in both countries. Under this agreement, freedom of movement, employment and establishment of minority commissions were decided upon.
Following the Nehru-Liaquat agreement, several agreements were signed between India and Pakistan regarding trade, rail traffic and outstanding financial issues between the nations.
Along with this, a number of agreements signed between Delhi and Islamabad focused on the dispute regarding the Indus River.
From 1955 to 1960, India and Pakistan signed three agreements regarding the use of the Indus river waters.
After years of agreements and disputes, India and Pakistan signed a treaty regarding the shared use of the Indus River. The treaty, brokered by the World Bank, was signed by M Nehru and Pakistan's President Ayub Khan.
This treaty granted Pakistan rights over western rivers such as Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, and India retained control over the eastern rivers of Ravi, Beas and Sutlej.
The Indus Water Treaty, however, now stands suspended due to the terror attack in Pahalgam, which killed 26 tourists.
The Shimla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan after the 1971 war. The agreement was signed between Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and Pakistani President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.
This agreement called for the peaceful resolution of disputes between India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the ceasefire line in Kashmir was established as the line of control, as we know it today.
The agreement, which came after the liberation and formation of Bangladesh, also stated that issues such as Kashmir will be addressed through bilateral dialogue.
Following India's abeyance of the Indus Water Treaty, Pakistan retaliated and suspended the Simla Agreement with New Delhi.
In this agreement, India and Pakistan established a protocol to facilitate visits by pilgrims to religious sites across the border. The treaty takes note of the 15 sites in Pakistan and five in india, such as Nankana Sahib, Panja Sahib, and Shadani Darbar in Pakistan; and Ajmer Sharif and Nizamuddin Dargah in India.
Based on this, upto 3,000 Sikh pilgrims are allowed to visit Pakistan for certain festivals.
Following the downgrading of ties, Pakistan announced a tit-for-tat visa suspension of Indian nationals, but exempted Sikh pilgrims.
This agreement was signed on December 31, 1998 and calls for both nations notifying each other of nuclear installations. Furthermore, the agreement also calls on refrain from attacking nuclear facilities.
This agreement is still in force, and annual exchanges take place on January 1, every year.
Signed in New Delhi, the agreement set rules for both nations to avoid airspace breaches. Under this, military aircraft of both nations are forbidden from flying within 10 kilometres of the border.
Furthermore, unauthorised entry in airspace and territorial waters are not allowed.
In August 1992, India and Pakistan signed a code of conduct regarding the treatment of diplomatic, consular personnel across the borders. This pact focuses on the adherence of international law and immunities, facilities and privileges granted to diplomats based on the Vienna Convention
The Lahore Declaration came in the background of the 1971 Indo-Pak war and an active arms race between the two nations.
Signed between PM Atal Bihari Vajapyee and Pakistan PM Nawaz Sharif, the declaration focused on both countries working towards peace and security in the region.
"The Prime Ministers of the Republic of India and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, sharing a vision of peace and stability between their countries, and of progress and prosperity for their peoples, convinced that durable peace and development of harmonious relations and friendly cooperation will serve the vital interests of the peoples of the two countries," read the text of the
The main aim of the Lahore agreement was to create a common vision of peace and stability between the two countries. With this pact, both Islamabad and New Delhi also agreed to intensify efforts to resolve all issues between the two neighbours - especially the issue of Jammu and Kashmir.
The pact dealt with issues ranging from Kashmir to terrorism to the handling of nuclear weapons.
However, months after this declaration, India and Pakistan found themselves in another conflict - the Kargil War.
Pakistani forces, disguised as Kashmiri militants, crossed the Line of Control and entered Kargil in Jammu and Kashmir. The infiltrators seized posts of the Indian Army as part of 'Operation Badr'. This intrusion was a clear violation of the Lahore Pact, which was acknowledged by Nawaz Sharif in 2023, after the Pakistan general elections.
In November 2003, India and Pakistan agreed to cease hostilities along the Line of Control and working boundary in Jammu and Kashmir.
Despite ongoing tensions, India and Pakistan have both stated they remain committed to this ceasefire in 2021.
However, since then, several instances of Pakistan violating this agreement have been reported, including the violation observed on Friday, days after the Pahalgam attack.
This agreement between India and Pakistan adds to the Lahore Declaration. Under this, both countries must notify each other three days before any ballistic missile tests.
This agreement also notes down safety zones for both countries in order to prevent on misinterpretation or provocation.
In this agreement, India and Pakistan committed to notifying each other of any nuclear accidents, in order to minimise the risks and prevent any misreading of such an incident. This pact has also been extended in 2012 and 2017.
In 2011 and 2012, India and Pakistan signed several agreements and Memoranda of Understandings focused on cultural cooperation, control of drug trafficking and customs matters.