Look at a chickpea in the pot, how it leaps up when it is subjected to the fire.
At the time of it being boiled, the chickpea comes up continually to the top of the pot and raises a hundred cries,바카라 웹사이트
Saying, “Why are you setting the fire on me? Since you bought (and approved) me, how are you turning me upside down?”
The housewife goes on hitting it with the ladle. “No!” says she: “boil nicely and don't jump away from one who makes the fire.
This imaginary conversation between the chickpea and the housewife appeared in Rumi라이브 바카라 Persian magnum opus The Masnawi, in which he has frequently used fables and parables from바카라 웹사이트Panchtantra to describe the mysteries of spiritualism and human characters. Rumi started writing The Masnawi in 1258, Panchtantra—the ancient Indian collection of animal fables in Sanskrit—was written in 1200 BC.바카라 웹사이트
The historical relationship between India and the Persian world, including contemporary Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia, has existed since the inception of human civilisation. The symbiosis between the two is beyond our estimation and assessment.
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The journey of our civilisation cannot be fully understood without connecting with the history and traditions of the Persian world. Our history and cultural geography are inseparably interwoven with the Persian world, especially Persia (contemporary Iran).
Persian—the sister-language of Sanskrit—is deeply connected with Indian languages, cultural traditions, history and various other aspects of the Indian civilisation. It has played a vital role in the evolution of almost all modern Indian languages and their literature.
The deepness of its influence can be realised through everyday words that have become a part of our identity. Hindi, Hindu, Punjabi, Khalsa, sardar, adalat, zameen, bazar, ghazal, zaban, adami are just a few examples.바카라 웹사이트
Persian poetry has had a strong influence on poets from the Indian subcontinent. Almost all poets of the last millennium bear the influence of Persian classical poetry. These include Amir Khusrau, Kabir, Malik Muhammad Jayasi, Quli Qutub Shah, Bulleh Shah, Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib, Muhammad Iqbal, Rabindranath Tagore, Sumitranandan Pant, Harivansh Rai Bachchan and Kazi Nazrul-Islam.바카라 웹사이트
Masud Saad Salman and Abul-Faraj Runi, the earliest poets from Persia, were Indians and lived in Punjab. Rumi라이브 바카라 The바카라 웹사이트Masnawi바카라 웹사이트was popular among Indian Sufis and scholars. The most number of commentaries on The바카라 웹사이트Masnawi바카라 웹사이트were written in India. The most voluminous ones were by scholars Ajmal Allahabadi, Mawlana Bahrul-Uloom and Mawlana Ashraf Ali Thanvi.바카라 웹사이트
While browsing through our literary traditions or reading Sufi-Bhakti poetry, we come across many Persian poets from Iran like Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam,바카라 웹사이트Nizami Ganjavi, Attar, Mawlana Rumi, Saadi Shirazi and Hafez. There are many examples of the influence of Persian work in India and vice versa.바카라 웹사이트
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The influence of Panchtantra, Ramayana, Mahabharata 바카라 웹사이트바카라 웹사이트
The story of the translation of바카라 웹사이트Panchtantra바카라 웹사이트in Pahlawi (a foreign language) by Borzūya in the sixth century and how it influenced Persian and Arabic literature is an inseparable part of the Indo-Persian cultural-literary history.바카라 웹사이트바카라 웹사이트Bu Ali Shah Qalandar, the famous Sufi of Panipat, was one of the students of Mawlana and composed poems in his style.바카라 웹사이트
Poets of Sufi-Bhakti tradition frequently take inspiration from The Masnawi. This can be seen even among modern poets and spiritual movements like the Radha Soami tradition. Many Indian poets of Persian and Urdu, like Sheikh Sarfi of Kashmir and Allama Iqbal, are known as the spiritual disciples of Rumi.바카라 웹사이트
Ferdowsi has described the cultural connect of the Persian world with India in his great epic Shahnameh. It can also be seen in Ramayana바카라 웹사이트and Mahabharata. According to some scholars, Kaiykeyi, the stepmother of Shri Ram, probably bears the name of Iranian royals as they used to have names like Kai-Khusraw and Kaikaus. Similarly, there is a character named as Arash in the바카라 웹사이트Shahnameh, very similar to Arjun of the Mahabharata.바카라 웹사이트
The great epic poet Nizami Ganjavi라이브 바카라 magnum opus바카라 웹사이트Khamsa—a bunch of five epics—has inspired many poets. It is said that over two hundred poets tried to recreate바카라 웹사이트Khamsa, but only a few were successful. Amir Khusraw from India, Amir Ali Sher Nawai from Uzbekistan and Mawlana Jami from Herat were among the few. Nawai and Jami were the followers and admirers of Amir Khusraw.바카라 웹사이트
Omar Khayyam라이브 바카라 India Connection바카라 웹사이트
Omar Khayyam, the great philosopher and poet, was always known as a mathematician and astronomer among academics globally, but the modern discovery of him as a poet, has an Indian connection. The credit to popularise him in the West and among the common masses goes to his British English translator Edward Fitzgerald, a poet from the 19th century. He came across바카라 웹사이트Khayyam라이브 바카라 Rubaiyat바카라 웹사이트during his visit to Calcutta and decided to translate it into English.바카라 웹사이트
The translation became so popular among the British and the Europeans that many parks, clubs and wine centres were named after him. One of the reasons why he was so popular was because they perceived and connected his poetry to Epicurean ideas which suited the neo-rich European society.바카라 웹사이트
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This trend enthused Indians and Iranians, too, and his work was translated in many Indian languages like Sanskrit, Hindi, Urdu, Bangla, and other Dravidian languages. Some of the famous Indian poets and commentators who were inspired by Khayyam include Riyaz Khairabadi, Harivansh Rai Bachchan, Nazrul and Swami Yoganand.바카라 웹사이트
Popularity of Saadi in India
Bani aadam aazay-e ek paikarand/Ke dar aafrinash ze ek gauharand
(Human beings are like limbs of the same body, as they are created out of the same component)
This couplet by Sheikh Saadi of Shiraz, a great poet and writer from Iran, is inscribed on one of the walls of the United Nations to pay tribute to the great humanist and Sufi poet. He was known as moallim-ul-akhlaq바카라 웹사이트(the teacher of ethics) and was popular in India and across the world. His books바카라 웹사이트Gulistan바카라 웹사이트and바카라 웹사이트Bostan are used as textbooks of Persian in schools and colleges across the globe, and since his own period in India, introduced first in Banaras.바카라 웹사이트
He was invited by Prince Muhammad, the son of King Balban, to exalt his court in Multan on the instances of young court poets Amir Khusraw and Hasan Dehlawi. Though Saadi expressed his inability to oblige due to his advanced age, he was all praises for Khusraw.바카라 웹사이트
Hasan Dehlawi, a successful follower of Saadi, was later called바카라 웹사이트Saadi of Hindustan. The first monograph on the life and works of Saadi titled바카라 웹사이트Hayat-e-Saadi was written by famous Urdu poet Altaf Husain Hali.바카라 웹사이트Later, famous Hindi-Urdu fiction writer Premchand wrote a brief monograph on him in Hindi, titled바카라 웹사이트Mahatma Saadi.바카라 웹사이트
Hafiz of Shiraz, globally recognised as the master of ghazal and one of the finest poets of human history, is also recognised as the symbol of the poetry itself. Dante, the great German poet, took inspiration from Hafiz while composing his magnum opus. Hafiz inspired and influenced a great number of Persian poets. He had become a legend during his lifetime.바카라 웹사이트
Hafiz was an admirer of Amir Khusraw, and called him바카라 웹사이트Tuti-e-Hind바카라 웹사이트(the parrot of India). The contemporary Indian ruler of Bengal Sultan바카라 웹사이트Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah (1390-1409 AD),바카라 웹사이트invited him to join his court. He started the journey but encountered a sea storm. It discouraged him and he returned to Shiraz. He later sent a바카라 웹사이트ghazal바카라 웹사이트to express his regrets and show his admiration for Indians.바카라 웹사이트
Shakkar shikan shawand hama tutiyan e Hind
Zin qand e Parsi ke be Bangala mi rawad
(May all the poets or parrots of India become the poets of saccharinity, as this Persian sweetness has reached Bengal)
The presence and popularity of his poetry among Bengalis is unfathomable. From the Mughal emperors, princes, princesses, and nobles to all educated people, Sufis to agnostics, Mullas and Pundits, poets and worriers of different periods and centuries loved and admired him alike. Debendranath Tagore, the Brahmo Samaj spearhead and Rabinder Nath Tagore라이브 바카라 father had memorised the whole바카라 웹사이트Divan바카라 웹사이트of Hafiz, and, at the time of his death, had asked his disciples to recite verses from the Bhagwat Gita바카라 웹사이트and바카라 웹사이트Divan바카라 웹사이트of Hafiz.바카라 웹사이트
During his visit to Shiraz, Tagore was affectionately called Hafiz-e-Hind바카라 웹사이트(the Indian Hafiz) by the people. Tagore invited Iranian professor Dr Pouredaud to teach Old Persian in the Viswa-Bharati University at Shantiniketan.바카라 웹사이트바카라 웹사이트
Khusraw, Bedil and Iqbal바카라 웹사이트
Among the Indian Persian poets, Amir Khusraw, Mirza Bedil and Iqbal are the most popular among the people of the Persian world. In Afghanistan, a group of Bedil라이브 바카라 admirers call themselves Bidiliya and organise weekly meetings to recite and discuss his poetry.바카라 웹사이트
In recent years, Bedil has become a household name in Iran, too. He has inspired the stylistics of modern Persian poets like Sohrab Sepehri, Ahmad Azizi, Ali Moallim and others. Khusraw is counted among the greats of the classic era, and Iqbal earned his recognition as a philosopher and poet of the Modern Age.바카라 웹사이트
Unfortunately, Ghalib, a Persian poet of great merit, and many others like him, couldn’t get the due recognition because of the colonial intervention, followed by the literary and cultural disconnect in the succeeding period, besides other reasons like semantic nuances.바카라 웹사이트
Unlike most Asian and African countries, Iran was never directly colonised by Europe. Nonetheless, Iranian society and literary circles received and followed the new literary trends during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. They too preferred genres like short-story and novel writing and did not follow classical legends in the prose.바카라 웹사이트
Sher-e-Nau (new poetry)바카라 웹사이트
In the same period, the poets deviated from classical genres of Persian like Qasida, Ghazal, Masnawi and its prosodic boundaries to adopt new form and themes of poetry. They called it Sher-e-Nau바카라 웹사이트(new poetry). Nima was the initiator of this trend. Soon, many followed.바카라 웹사이트
Some of the prominent followers of this trend were Akhwan, Ahmad Shamlu, Nadir, Shafiei Kadkani, Faridoun Musiri, Sohrab Sepehri and Forughe Farrokhzad. Later, poets like Shamlu introduced further modifications into Sher-e-Nau, and moved towards blank verse or prose poetry.바카라 웹사이트
Women Poets
The presence of women in Persian poetry can be seen from the time of Rabia Qozdari—the first woman poet in the early era—to the contemporary period. Since Qozdari라이브 바카라 time, poetries have been a way of expressing the assertion of women라이브 바카라 aspirations. This aspect could be seen in the works of poets from the previous eras like Mahisti Gilani and Zaibunnesa Makhfi—the daughter of Aurangzeb.바카라 웹사이트
Contemporary women Persian poetry candidly and potently presented the problems, pains, agony and aspirations of women. They were also a voice of rebellion against age-old subjugation and superiority of patriarchy.바카라 웹사이트The tradition of women라이브 바카라 writing in contemporary Iran is thus one of radical dissent and questioning. It is the chronicle of an evolving consciousness; the testament of efforts to make lives according to the new values and standards.바카라 웹사이트
Despite the societal obstacles that identified women as wives and mothers and idealised their invisibility and voicelessness, towards the middle of the nineteenth century, a tradition of women writers came to be established in Iran.
The first among them was Farrokhzad (1935-67).바카라 웹사이트An effervescent and maverick바카라 웹사이트poetess, she rejected the traditional patriarchal expectations and became an icon of women라이브 바카라 voice of non-conformity.바카라 웹사이트Instead of being the voice of her individual world, she also tried to understand society comprehensively and became conscious of the great common spirit of mankind:바카라 웹사이트
They were drowned in their own fright
And the frightened sense of sin
Had paralysed
Their blind, dumb souls...
("The Earthly Verses",바카라 웹사이트Born Again)
Other poetesses and women writers like Simin Behbahani, Shahrnush Parsipur, Simin Daneshvar and others have emerged in the literary scenario and have successfully advocated the issues and anguish of women. The post-revolution era has seen a feminist movement in Persian Literature that has had a great impact on the minds of the people.바카라 웹사이트Their writings have inspired a change in society.바카라 웹사이트
(Akhlaque A ‘Ahan’ is an Urdu-Persian poet, professor and chairperson바카라 웹사이트at the Centre of Persian & Central Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University)
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