May 7, 2025 In response to the terrorist attack at Baisaran meadow in Pahalgam, Kashmir, on April 22, in which 26 tourists were killed and several people were severely injured, India carried out Operation Sindoor—a tri-service military operation targeting terror camps and organisations across nine sites in Pakistan and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK). Having already fought four wars with Pakistan, India has also been subject to several cross-border attacks from Pakistan-based terror groups such as Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) and Hizbul Mujahideen. Operation Sindoor has marked one of the most major escalations in Indo-Pak tensions since 2019. With regular gunfire, strikes and drone attacks being launched across the border, India and Pakistan are now closer to war, for possibly the fifth time.
1947 The first Indo-Pak war, also known as the first Kashmir war, broke out after Pakistan-backed militias invaded the former princely state. This prompted Maharaja Hari Singh to sign the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India, making the princely state a part of the newly formed republic. Following the accession, Indian troops were sent to the area to defend the state, triggering a broad conflict between India and Pakistan, which carried on till January 1949, when a United Nations-mediated truce was implemented and the ceasefire line was drawn in Kashmir, dividing the state into two parts.
1965 In 1965, border skirmishes between the two neighbours escalated into the second Indo-Pak war. Pakistan launched Operation Gibraltar, which aimed to stir rebellion in Kashmir and form an insurgency against India라이브 바카라 administration. The war lasted 17 days, causing thousands of casualties on both sides of the border. Both countries ultimately agreed to a ceasefire, brokered by the United States and the Soviet Union.
1971 The third Indo-Pak War was triggered by the Pakistani military라이브 바카라 crackdown on East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) and East Pakistan라이브 바카라 demand for independence. India entered the war in support of the Bangladeshi independence movement. After an intense fight on both the eastern and the western fronts, Pakistan라이브 바카라 forces surrendered on December 16, 1971, marking the creation of Bangladesh. The end of the 1971 war also resulted in the Simla Agreement of 1972 in which India and Pakistan established the Line of Control (LoC) in Kashmir and vowed to conduct bilateral dialogue over the dispute.
1999 The fourth war between India and Pakistan was fought in Kargil district from May to July 1999, after Pakistani troops infiltrated strategic areas in the India-administered side of the LoC in Kashmir in February. India launched Operation Vijay in response, regained lost territory, and reasserted control of the region.
Since then, India and Pakistan have maintained a fragile ceasefire along the LoC. However, India has been subject to several cross-border attacks from Pakistan-based terrorist organisations such as the 2001 Parliament attack, the 2008 Mumbai attack, and the 2024 Reasi bus attack. Other key attacks include the 2016 strike by JeM on an Indian Army base in Uri, Jammu and Kashmir, killing 19 soldiers. Following this, India conducted a ‘surgical strike’ on September 28-29 across the LoC, targeting multiple terrorist launch pads in PoK.
In 2019, a convoy of vehicles carrying Indian security personnel on the Jammu–Srinagar National Highway was attacked by a vehicle-borne suicide bomber in Pulwama district of Jammu and Kashmir. The attack, claimed by JeM, resulted in the deaths of 40 Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) personnel. In response to this, the Indian Air Force carried out airstrikes on a JeM terror camp in Balakot, Pakistan, using fighter jets and targeting the camp deep inside Pakistani territory, marking the first such airstrike since the 1971 war. The most recent attack to escalate Indo-Pak tensions was the brutal terrorist strike on tourists on April 22 at Baisaran.
(Compiled by Danita Yadav)
This article is part of 바카라라이브 바카라 May 22, 2025 issue, ‘Is This War?’, covering the tense four-day standoff that brought India and Pakistan to the brink of war. It appeared in print as 'Conflicted At Birth'
