As the Indian financial sector was experiencing a seismic shift with digitalization, blockchain technology has been slowly but surely making its way from pilot projects to practical implementations in the banking sector of India. As much as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is wary of cryptocurrencies, it has increasingly become open to the non-speculative use of blockchain. Indian private and public banks are waking up, listening, and taking the first steps towards initiatives that can transform banking efficiency, transparency, and security.
This article discusses how Indian banks are searching for blockchain applications, why it is challenging, and most importantly, the huge implications for India's digital finance future.
From Curiosity to Implementation: The Evolution of Blockchain in Indian Banking
Indian banks were, initially, cautious of blockchain because it has been linked to highly unstable cryptocurrencies. However, things have taken a radically different turn of late. A greater instinct has fallen into place that blockchain as an alternative to central ledger technology (DLT) can transform everything related to banking—right from trade finance and loan releases to KYC and cross-border settlements.
A few of the key players have started exploring blockchain in some form or another, from proof-of-concept pilot schemes to early adoption.
Indian Big Banks Embracing Blockchain
1. State Bank of India (SBI)
SBI, India's largest state-run bank, is a charter member of the Bank Chain consortium—an Indian bank consortium working on blockchain use cases. SBI has tested blockchain for:
•Vendor payments via smart contracts
•through KYC authentication using mutual ledgers
•Automated trade finance
The bank has also collaborated with fintech companies such as Prime chain Technologies to pilot blockchain-based solutions for digital verification and document validation.
2. ICICI Bank
ICICI Bank was the first of the Indian banks to have conducted international trade finance and remittance transactions on blockchain. With Emirates NBD, it conducted a pilot cross-border transaction on blockchain in record time.
ICICI has also developed a blockchain platform for:
• Domestic trade finance
• Supply chain finance
• MSME invoice discounting
3. Axis Bank
Axis Bank has tested Ripple's blockchain network to enable cross-border remittances in real-time. Utilizing RippleNet enabled instant remittances abroad—a huge leap from conventional SWIFT-based processes.
It has also tested DLT-based credit management systems, improving loan syndication with higher transparency.
4. HDFC Bank
HDFC Bank has concentrated its efforts on blockchain in:
• Lending automation
• Back-office automation
• Safe data transfer between insurance and banking subsidiaries
Its investments in blockchain are only a small part of its broader drive towards API- and AI-based finance.
Most Vital Pilot Use Cases with Indian Banks
1. Cross-Border Payments and Trade Finance
Traditional trade finance is paper-intensive, time-consuming, and vulnerable to fraud. Blockchain makes it easier:
•End-to-end digital documentation
•Real-time tracking
•Fraud-proof digital signatures
Indian banks such as Yes Bank and IndusInd Bank are collaborating with global consortia such as R3 Corda to revolutionize this sector.
2. KYC and Digital Identity Verification
India's KYC is redundant and costly across institutions. Blockchain-based KYC platforms can:
•Provide a universal, immutable proof of verified customer identities
•Cut duplication and errors
•Decrease the cost of onboarding for banks and NBFCs
The RBI Innovation Hub has shown interest in supporting blockchain-based KYC models that are consent-based and privacy-preserving.
3. Loan Syndication and Credit Scoring
Loan syndication multi-party transparency can be facilitated by blockchain whereby different banks can lend to a single borrower. Repayment and disbursement conditions can even be automated using smart contracts.
Blockchain is also being utilized by credit scoring firms to create immutable credit histories, particularly for under-served segments.
4. Tokenization of Assets
Indian banks are exploring mechanisms to tokenise realty, invoices, and securities that will facilitate fractional ownership and higher liquidity. It assumes special significance in facilitating lending to SMEs with the help of blockchain-authenticated receivables.
RBI and Government Support: Uncertain Signal
Reserve Bank of India is unwilling to embrace private cryptocurrencies but is providing regulated blockchain innovations with an opportunity window. Some of the key developments are:
• Launch of the Digital Rupee (e₹) - a blockchain-like architecture-based CBDC
• Establishing a regulatory sandbox for a blockchain firm
• Continuous consultation with SEBI, IRDAI, and IFSCA for tokenized securities and DeFi protocols
The Indian government's 2021 National Strategy on Blockchain also requires:
• Public sector blockchain infrastructure
• Inter-bank platforms based on DLT
• Development of sector-specific use cases
This changing scenario provides banks with a go-ahead to experiment with blockchain—if they keep their eyes on regulatory goals.
Challenges and Limitations
All the hype notwithstanding, there are implementation challenges:
1. Lack of Standardization
Various banks are developing separate blockchain solutions. Interoperability and usage are hampered when there is no standard platform.
2. Ambiguity Regulated
Non-crypto uses of blockchain too, data, identity, and jurisdiction of smart contracts remain unsettled legal domains in India.
3. Integration Technical
Existing banking infrastructure may not be fully supported by DLT infrastructure. It may take time and cost to repurpose underlying banking software to make it blockchain-ready.
4. Awareness and Talent
There are too few solution architects and blockchain engineers in India with the banking regulatory complexities as well.
The Way Forward: Collaboration Is The Route
The Road Ahead for blockchain in Indian banking will heavily depend on:
•BankChain or BFSI consortia or mutual ecosystem interactions
•Independent or RBI-led fintech committee-interoperability standards
•Public-private partnerships in building country-wide infrastructure for DLT (e.g., ONDC or India Stack)
As digital growth in India gains momentum, blockchain can help banks reduce cost, increase transparency, and increase inclusion—if received wisely and collectively.
Quiet Revolution in Progress
As India's crypto fiasco makes the headlines, less loudly hailed but more profound revolution is fermenting in the backrooms of its banks. Blockchain, formerly a skepticism-inducing abstraction, is being seriously considered more and more to power the next phase of banking innovation. From real-time settlement to decentralized identity, Indian banks are ready to leverage the potential of blockchain—one pilot project at a time.
In so doing, they are not just enhancing internal efficiencies but creating the basis for an open, transparent, accountable, and inclusive financial future.
